Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. When the knee flexes, the ankle moves closer to the buttock, and the angle between the femur and tibia gets smaller.Įxtension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts:įlexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. We have described the terms in antagonistic pairs for ease of understanding.įlexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. Most movements have an opposite movement - also known as an antagonistic movement. The terms used assume that the body begins in the anatomical position. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can be precisely described using this terminology. However, it is not completely a substitute in this way.Anatomical terms of movement are used to describe the actions of muscles upon the skeleton. The clearest advantage is their computation capacity. In fact, they are smarter in certain aspects. By this means, processors are substitutes for human intelligence in certain ways. The processor is our computer working with the logic gates. Deductive reasoning produces certain outcomes – no failure (Despite humans may fail at deductive reasoning). You can see that how this relates to deductive reasoning. The computer processors work with logic gates. We may think this in terms of the way computers work. I call abductive “high-level logical reasoning.” The following analogy will help you better understand the difference between abduction, induction, and deduction. Artificial Intelligence and Abductive Reasoning In terms of the uncertainty of the inference, abduction and induction are similar, but they serve different purposes. (May not be true)Īn example compares deduction, induction, and abduction. (True if premises are true)Īll the beans from this bag are pink. I found the following example at Wikipedia: Understanding the difference between the three helps to understand abduction better. So, abductive reasoning is a method to infer the relation between premises and conclusions. While induction aims to reach generalizations (theories) and deduction aims to reach a consequence of a known/assumed theory. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock HolmesĪ description of the abductive reasoning… When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. Just like doctors, Sherlock Holmes tries to come up with the best possible explanation. Although Sir Arthur Conan Doyle emphasizes deductive reasoning, detective-type reasoning is one of the best examples of abductive reasoning. You can better understand this example if you have watched House Tv series.Īnother example is the reasoning of the detectives. They try to abduct the most likely explanation (or diagnose the patient) based on the symptoms. Doctors try to infer the disease from the symptoms of a patient. When I read about abduction, almost certainly, I encounter the diagnostic example. Examples – Abduction vs Induction vs Deduction I could not find the definition in the Oxford dictionary. You can ask for a better definition… But if you, Oxford dictionary says: the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will. Abductive reasoning aims to infer the explanations (e.g., causality). “Inference to the best explanation” is a compact and self-explanatory definition of abductive reasoning. If you do not know inductive and deductive reasoning, you should consider reading the following articles first. After discussing the definition, I will give abductive reasoning examples and compare them to inductive and deductive reasoning. Abduction is the third type of logical reasoning we will discuss.
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